Friday, 30 April
#Today the last day of April. Time flew so fast.
I didn't know in April my emotions up and down. I had depressing again, some heartbreaking memories appeared again. It caused me to anger.
Not only that, some tragedies have happened this month, like the sinking of the Titanic, the Sewol, and KRI Nanggala 402.
RIP to all victims...
#enoughfortoday #qmo
posted by qmo @ 6:31 AM
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Saturday, 24 April
#Today I wanna write about the fear of dolls or known as pediophobia.
Pediophobia is the unwarranted, irrational, and persistent fear or worry of dolls. It is a specific phobia belonging to the category of ‘automatonphobia’. This is a type of phobia where the individual is afraid of all humanoid or “human-like-but-not-quite” objects including mannequins, marionettes, ventriloquist’s dummies, wax figures, Animatrix or robotic figures, etc. The word Pediophobia originates from ‘Paidion’ which means ‘little child’ in Greek and ‘Phobos’ meaning fear or deep dread. Many adult sufferers of Pediophobia are also known to fear little children.
Pediophobes are afraid of all kinds of dolls while others are known to be afraid of only specific kinds like the talking/walking dolls, Chinese porcelain dolls, stuffed dolls, etc.
Dolls are, in reality, child’s playthings. Little girls are especially known to love dolls and pretend to play with them which can help in fostering imagination and creativity. Naturally, it is a matter of great worry for parents when their little daughter starts screaming at the sight of dolls. While most childhood cases of Pediophobia disappear once the child has grown, in some cases though, this fear can persist even in adulthood.
Like any other phobia, Pediophobia is also possibly triggered by an intensely negative or traumatic incident in one’s past/childhood that is remotely connected to dolls. The young mind then forever associates dolls with the trauma and recalls the negative feelings experienced then.
Dolls, especially voodoo dolls are associated with witchcraft. Burning voodoo dolls to bring misfortune to an individual was a common practice in the past. To an individual already suffering from nervous or anxiety disorders, all dolls represent evil.
Dolls have fixed staring eyes. Some dolls also have button eyes that appear “soulless pools devoid of any emotion akin to those of a corpse”. This can make younger children especially afraid of them.
Dolls have been shown in a negative light in pop culture. Many horror movies (Chucky in Child’s Play) and novels (Althea, Stone Dead, etc) have portrayed dolls as evil or villainous characters that come to life to cause harm to humans. This can induce fear in young or overly nervous minds.
Mischievous older siblings or friends etc can also unknowingly instill fear of dolls in the minds of younger kids by telling stories of dolls coming to life at night.
Whatever the cause of fear of dolls phobia, there can be intense emotional upheaval and turmoil in the mind of the sufferer. Some people might experience a full-blown panic attack upon sighting a doll. Still, others live in constant fear of dolls. The following physical and psychological symptoms may be present in the phobic:
Some phobics experience a full-blown anxiety attack in the presence of dolls including store mannequins. This can be quite embarrassing as well as debilitating enough to affect the normal functioning of the individual.
Hypnosis and desensitization therapies are the two most popular ways of overcoming the fear of dolls phobia.
Desensitization or gradual exposure therapy consists of slowly exposing the phobic to dolls. They can begin by looking at photographs of dolls, reading books or watching movies about dolls, etc until they are able to remain calm in the presence of dolls without having an anxiety attack. This is usually done in the presence of a therapist or can be done at home with the help of close friends and loved ones.
Hypnosis, Cognitive behavior therapy, and behavior therapy also aim to reprogram the Pediophobic to help him/her rationalize fearful thoughts about dolls and change them into positive ones.
These are a few ways of overcoming Pediophobia or the fear of dolls.
(https://www.fearof.net/fear-of-dolls-phobia-pediophobia/#:~:text=Pediophobia%20is%20the%20unwarranted%2C%20irrational,the%20category%20of%20'automatonphobia'.)
#enoughfortoday #qmo
Labels: Mental Health
posted by qmo @ 4:53 AM
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Friday, 23 April
#Today I wanna write about the movie which based on the true story, Kursk.
Kursk (released as The Command in the US and as Kursk: The Last Mission in the UK) is a 2018 English-language Belgian-Luxembourgian drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg based on Robert Moore's book A Time to Die, about the true story of the 2000 Kursk Submarine Disaster.
It stars Matthias Schoenaerts, Léa Seydoux, Peter Simonischek, August Diehl, Max von Sydow, and Colin Firth. It was the last film featuring von Sydow to be released before retirement and his death in 2020.
In Murmansk Russian Navy Captain-Lieutenant Mikhail Averin prepares for the Northern Fleet's exercise involving his posting, the Oscar II-class submarine Kursk. Budget cuts prevent the sailors from receiving their earned pay, forcing Averin and his friends Anton and Oleg to trade their submariners' watches for supplies for the wedding of their crewmate Pavel. After the wedding the sailors say their goodbyes to their families as the boat goes out to sea.
En route to the exercise area, Pavel, the weapons officer, notes that the temperature of the experimental HTP torpedo is beginning to increase rapidly, and requests permission to fire it early due to the risk of a kerosene leak. Noting the submarine's proximity to the allowed zone and the still acceptable temperature of the torpedo, the captain orders Pavel and his men to wait. As the temperature rises further the torpedo explodes, devastating the boat and killing the weapons room crew.
Averin and his men, located aft, immediately begin to take precautions and determine the situation. The rapidly increasing temperature of the weapons room explodes the remaining ordnance, killing the bridge crew and sending the ship to the bottom. The survivors rapidly move aft securing compartments as they go. Averin contacts Anton in the reactor room, who says goodbye as the compartment floods, having secured the reactor and prevented a nuclear disaster.
The remaining men rally in the aft-most compartment of the boat, which is rapidly taking on water. With the pump not powerful enough to stop water entering the compartment, the crew desperately await rescue. Meanwhile, the sailors' wives, including Averin's wife Tanya and Pavel's newlywed Daria, have heard rumors making their way from the Fleet regarding Kursk. While naval officers give them no answer, they note that the sole rescue ship has not yet left port.
Commodore David Russell of the Royal Navy has detected the seismic signature of the dual explosions and quickly deduces that the Kursk has had an accident. His offer of assistance is rebuffed by his acquaintance Admiral Grudzinsky, commanding the Northern Fleet, believing there could not be survivors. Grudzinsky's men hear the taps of the trapped men on the ship's hull, and the rescue ship is immediately deployed. Tanya and the other wives are reassured by this while Averin and his men are ecstatic upon hearing the thud of the rescue submersible on their hull.
However, the aged and ill-maintained submersible is unable to establish a seal, and must return to surface along with a 12-hour recharge of its batteries. The trapped men begin to run out of oxygen, so Averin and another crewman are forced to dive into the flooded compartments to obtain oxygen cartridges, nearly dying in the process. The men agonizingly await another attempt with little food and only a few blankets, as the water level slowly continues to rise. The Russian submersible's attempts to connect with the submarine continue to end in failure, as the morale of the crewmen and their wives on shore continues to plummet.
Having heard no taps from the men during the latest rescue attempt, and believing them to be near-death if anything, the Russian Navy's Admiral Vitaly Petrenko finally accepts Russell's offer of aid with up-to-date equipment and divers. On the submarine, Averin composes a goodbye to his family, hoping that his young son Misha might have some memories of him. Oleg organizes a "breakfast buffet" with the little food available to raise morale, but during the celebration, crewman Leo accidentally drops an oxygen cartridge into the water, starting a flash fire that consumes the remaining oxygen. With minutes left of oxygen, and no means of escape, the remaining men sing their sea-shanty, "The Sailor's Band", wishing goodbye to each other.
Russell's divers finally manage to enter the boat, but have arrived too late, and find no survivors. At the funeral for the men, Misha refuses to shake Admiral Petrenko's hand, evidencing the anger of the families at the stone-walling and refusal to accept aid by the Fleet. In honor of his father and for his courageous stand against the intimidating Admiral, Averin's fellow sailors give Misha his father's watch, to remember him by.
On 17 August 2015, it was announced that EuropaCorp was developing a film based on the 2000 K-141 Kursk submarine disaster, and that Martin Zandvliet had been hired to direct the film from a script by Robert Rodat, based on Robert Moore's 2002 book A Time to Die. Kursk would have been Zandvliet's first English-language film. On 21 January 2016, it was reported that Zandvliet was no longer attached and that EuropaCorp had hired Thomas Vinterberg to direct the film.
On 2 March 2016, Matthias Schoenaerts was announced in the cast, reteaming with Vinterberg after Far from the Madding Crowd (2015). Colin Firth joined the cast on 26 May 2016. Léa Seydoux joined the cast on 7 February 2017, in the role of Tanya, the wife of Mikhail Averin, a Russian Navy captain-lieutenant played by Matthias Schoenaerts. Rachel McAdams was once in talks for the role of Tanya. Deadline Hollywood also reported that Firth would play David Russell, a British naval commander going against Russia's warnings to try to save the men on the Kursk.
On 15 March 2017, it was reported that Vladimir Putin's character had been cut from the film before an actor was cast for the role. According to The Hollywood Reporter, EuropaCorp's president, Luc Besson, wanted to shift the story's focus to the rescue mission rather than the politics behind the disaster. One theory noted by The Hollywood Reporter is that nobody at EuropaCorp wanted to be hacked. (The film The Interview had angered Kim Jong-un and was believed to have sparked the Sony hack in 2014.) Putin had been Russian president for eight months when the tragedy had occurred. He was supposed to appear as a supporting character in at least five scenes and was sympathetically portrayed in the original Kursk script, which highlighted why he had taken the tragedy personally (Putin's father had been a submariner).
On 8 May 2017, Peter Simonischek, Max von Sydow and Michael Nyqvist were announced in the cast. However, Nyqvist died on 27 June.
Alexandre Desplat composed the movie score. The crew includes Catherine Marchand as the costume designer, Anthony Dod Mantle as the director of photography, Thierry Flamand as the production designer and Valdis Oskardottir as the film's editor.
Subject matter experts such as journalist Robert Moore (author of the novel upon which the film is based), David Russell (British Royal Navy commodore who had tried to save the men from the Kursk), and submarine expert Ramsey Martin acted as advisors for the film.
The project was produced by France's EuropaCorp with Belgium's Belga Productions and Luxembourg's VIA EST.
Shooting was scheduled to start in September 2016, but it had to be postponed due to Russia's defense ministry not issuing a permit for shooting in the country, which would run for about a month. According to The Hollywood Reporter, Russia's defense ministry originally promised cooperation with the crew to provide realism to the movie. However, later it reportedly grew concerned about granting access to classified information and sensitive locations. On 7 February 2017, ScreenDaily.com reported that shooting was scheduled to start in April.
Filming started at the Naval base of Toulon, France, on 26 April 2017. Some scenes were filmed with Colin Firth at the commercial port of Brest, France, between 2 May and 6 May 2017, including scenes aboard the rescue ship Atlantic Tonjer, serving as the Seaway Eagle. On 8 May 2017, it was reported that shooting would take place not only in France but also in locations throughout Europe, including Belgium and Norway. On 12 July 2017, the crew was in Jette (Brussels) and scenes were filmed in "Salle Excelsior" (Place Cardinal Mercier).
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2018. It is scheduled to be released through DirecTV Cinema on 23 May 2019, before being released in a limited release on 21 June 2019, by Saban Films.
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_(film))
#enoughfortoday #qmo
Labels: Tragedy
posted by qmo @ 6:47 AM
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Thursday, 22 April
#Today I wanna write about a submarine tragedy of Russia.
K-141 Kursk (Russian: Атомная Подводная Лодка «Курск» (АПЛ «Курск»), transl. Atomnaya Podvodnaya Lodka "Kursk" (APL "Kursk"), meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine Kursk") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Russian Navy.
On 12 August 2000, K-141 Kursk was lost when it sank in the Barents Sea, killing all 118 personnel on board.
K-141 Kursk was a Project 949A class Antey (Russian: Aнтей, meaning Antaeus) submarine of the Oscar class, known as the Oscar II by its NATO reporting name, and was the penultimate submarine of the Oscar II class designed and approved in the Soviet Union. Construction began in 1990 at the Soviet Navy military shipyards in Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk, in the northern Russian SFSR. During the construction of K-141, the Soviet Union collapsed; work continued, and she became one of the first naval vessels completed after the collapse. In 1993 K-141 was named Kursk after the Battle of Kursk in the 50 years anniversary of this battle. K-141 was inherited by Russia and launched in 1994, before being commissioned by the Russian Navy on December 30, as part of the Russian Northern Fleet.
Kursk was assigned to the home port of Vidyayevo, Murmansk Oblast.
The Antey design represented the highest achievement of Soviet nuclear submarine technology. They are the second-largest cruise missile submarines ever built, after some Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines were converted to carry cruise missiles in 2007. It was built to defeat an entire United States aircraft carrier group. A single Type 65 torpedo carried a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead powerful enough to sink an aircraft carrier. Both missiles and torpedoes could be equipped with nuclear warheads. She was 9.1 m (30 ft) longer than the preceding Oscar I-class of submarines. The senior officers had individual staterooms and the entire crew had access to a gymnasium.
The outer hull, made of high-nickel, high-chromium stainless steel 8.5 mm (0.33 in) thick, had exceptionally good resistance to corrosion and a weak magnetic signature which helped prevent detection by U.S. magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) systems. There was a 200 cm (79 in) gap to the 50.8 mm (2.00 in)-thick steel pressure hull. She was designed to remain submerged for up to 120 days. The sail superstructure was reinforced to allow it to break through the Arctic ice. The submarine was armed with 24 SS-N-19/P-700 Granit cruise missiles, and eight torpedo tubes in the bow: four 533 mm (21 in) and four 650 mm (26 in). The Granit missiles with a range of 550 km (340 mi), were capable of supersonic flight at altitudes over 20 km (12 mi). They were designed to swarm enemy vessels and intelligently choose individual targets which terminated with a dive onto the target. The torpedo tubes could be used to launch either torpedoes or anti-ship missiles with a range of 50 km (31 mi). Her weapons included 18 SS-N-16 "Stallion" anti-submarine missiles.
Kursk was part of Russia's Northern Fleet, which had suffered funding cutbacks throughout the 1990s. Many of its submarines were anchored and rusting in Zapadnaya Litsa Naval Base, 100 km (62 mi) from Murmansk. Little work to maintain all but the most essential front-line equipment, including search and rescue equipment, had occurred. Northern Fleet sailors had gone unpaid in the mid-1990s.
During her five years of service, Kursk completed only one mission, a six-month deployment to the Mediterranean Sea during the summer of 1999 to monitor the United States Sixth Fleet responding to the Kosovo crisis. This was due to a lack of funds for fuel. As a result, many of her crew had spent little time at sea and were inexperienced.
Kursk joined the "Summer-X" exercise, the first large-scale naval exercise planned by the Russian Navy in more than a decade, on 10 August 2000. It included 30 ships including the fleet's flagship Pyotr Velikiy ("Peter the Great"), four attack submarines, and a flotilla of smaller ships. The crew had recently won a citation for its excellent performance and been recognized as the best submarine crew in the Northern Fleet. While it was on an exercise, Kursk loaded a full complement of combat weapons. It was one of the few ships authorized to carry a combat load at all times.
On the first day of the exercise, Kursk successfully launched a Granit missile armed with a dummy warhead. Two days later, on the morning of 12 August, Kursk prepared to fire dummy torpedoes at the Kirov-class battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy (Peter The Great). These practice torpedoes had no explosive warheads and were manufactured and tested at a much lower quality standard. On 12 August 2000, at 11:28 local time (07:28 UTC), there was an explosion while preparing to fire. The Russian Navy's final report on the disaster concluded the explosion was due to the failure of one of Kursk's hydrogen peroxide-fueled Type 65 torpedoes. A subsequent investigation concluded that high-test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo, seeped through a faulty weld in the torpedo casing. When HTP comes into contact with a catalyst, it rapidly expands by a factor of 5000, generating vast quantities of steam and oxygen. The pressure produced by the expanding HTP ruptured the kerosene fuel tank in the torpedo and set off an explosion equal to 100–250 kilograms (220–550 lb) of TNT. The submarine sank in relatively shallow water, bottoming at 108 metres (354 ft) about 135 km (84 mi) off Severomorsk, at 69°40′N 37°35′E. A second explosion 135 seconds after the initial event was equivalent to 3-7 tons of TNT. The explosions blew a large hole in the hull and caused the first three compartments of the submarine to collapse, killing or incapacitating all but 23 of the 118 personnel on board.
The British and Norwegian navies offered assistance, but Russia initially refused all help. All 118 sailors and officers aboard Kursk died. The Russian Admiralty initially told the public that the majority of the crew died within minutes of the explosion, but on 21 August, Norwegian and Russian divers found 24 bodies in the ninth compartment, the turbine room at the stern of the boat. Captain-lieutenant Dmitri Kolesnikov wrote a note listing the names of 23 sailors who were alive in the compartment after the ship sank.
Kursk carried a potassium superoxide cartridge of a chemical oxygen generator; these are used to absorb carbon dioxide and chemically release oxygen during an emergency. However, the cartridge became contaminated with sea water and the resulting chemical reaction caused a flash fire which consumed the available oxygen. The investigation showed that some men temporarily survived the fire by plunging under water, as fire marks on the bulkheads indicated the water was at waist level at the time. Ultimately, the remaining crew burned to death or suffocated.
Russian President Vladimir Putin, though immediately informed of the tragedy, was told by the navy that they had the situation under control and that rescue was imminent. He waited for five days before he ended his holiday at a presidential resort in Sochi on the Black Sea. Putin was only four months into his tenure as President, and the public and media were extremely critical of his decision to remain at a seaside resort. His highly favourable ratings dropped dramatically. The President's response appeared callous and the government's actions looked incompetent. A year later he said, "I probably should have returned to Moscow, but nothing would have changed. I had the same level of communication both in Sochi and in Moscow, but from a PR point of view I could have demonstrated some special eagerness to return."
A consortium formed by the Dutch companies Mammoet and Smit International was awarded a contract by Russia to raise the vessel, excluding the bow. They modified the barge Giant 4 which raised Kursk and recovered the remains of the sailors.
During salvage operations in 2001, the team first cut the bow off the hull using a tungsten carbide-studded cable. As this tool had the potential to cause sparks which could ignite remaining pockets of reactive gases, such as hydrogen, the operation was executed with care. Most of the bow was abandoned and the rest of the vessel was towed to Severomorsk and placed in a floating dry dock for analysis.
The remains of Kursk's reactor compartment were towed to Sayda Bay on Russia's northern Kola Peninsula, where more than 50 reactor compartments were afloat at pier points, after a shipyard had removed all the fuel from the boat in early 2003.
Some torpedo and torpedo tube fragments from the bow were recovered and the rest was destroyed by explosives in 2002.
Notwithstanding the navy's oft-stated position that a collision with a foreign vessel had triggered the event, a report issued by the government attributed the disaster to a torpedo explosion caused when high-test peroxide (HTP), a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, leaked from a faulty weld in the torpedo's casing. The report found that the initial explosion destroyed the torpedo room compartment and killed everyone in the first compartment. The blast entered the second and perhaps the third and fourth compartments through an air conditioning vent. All of the 36 men in the command post located in the second compartment were immediately incapacitated by the blast wave and possibly killed. The first explosion caused a fire that raised the temperature of the compartment to more than 2,700 °C (4,890 °F). The heat caused the warheads of between five and seven additional torpedoes to detonate, creating an explosion equivalent to 2–3 tons of TNT that measured 4.2 on the Richter magnitude scale on seismographs across Europe and was detected as far away as Alaska.
Vice-Admiral Valery Ryazantsev differed with the government's official conclusion. He cited inadequate training, poor maintenance, and incomplete inspections that caused the crew to mishandle the weapon. During the examination of the wrecked sub, investigators recovered a partially burned copy of the safety instructions for loading HTP torpedoes, but the instructions were for a significantly different type of torpedo and failed to include essential steps for testing an air valve. The 7th Division, 1st Submarine Flotilla never inspected Kursk's crew's qualifications and readiness to fire HTP torpedoes. Kursk's crew had no experience with HTP-powered torpedoes and had not been trained in handling or firing HTP-powered torpedoes. Due to their inexperience and lack of training, compounded by incomplete inspections and oversight, and because the Kursk's crew followed faulty instructions when loading the practice torpedo, Ryazantsev believes they set off a chain of events that led to the explosion.
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141))
#enoughfortoday #qmo
Labels: Tragedy
posted by qmo @ 4:36 AM
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Wednesday, 21 April
#Today
KRI Nanggala (402), also known as Nanggala II, was one of two Cakra-class Type 209/1300 diesel-electric attack submarines of the Indonesian Navy. On 21 April 2021, the submarine sank in the Bali Sea during a torpedo drill, killing all 53 personnel on board. The disappearance prompted a three-day search by vessels from multiple countries before wreckage was found and fatalities confirmed. The death toll was the largest reported aboard a submarine since the Changcheng 361 disaster off the Chinese coast in 2003.
Ordered in 1977, Nanggala was launched in 1980 and commissioned in 1981. It conducted intelligence gathering operations in the Indian Ocean and around East Timor and North Kalimantan. It was a participant of the international Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training naval exercise and conducted a passing exercise with USS Oklahoma City. The vessel underwent a major refit in 2012.
The submarine was named after the Nanggala, a powerful, divine short spear wielded by Prabhu Baladewa, a Hindu god mentioned in the Mahabharata and a character in wayang puppet theatre. Legend states that the spear is capable of melting mountains and splitting oceans. The weapon is depicted on the submarine's badge.
The vessel was also known as Nanggala II in order to differentiate it from RI Nanggala (S-02), an older Whiskey-class submarine sharing the same name.
KRI Nanggala was ordered on 2 April 1977, and was financed as part of a US$625 million loan by the West German government to the Indonesian government. About $100 million was spent on the submarine and its sister vessel, KRI Cakra. The vessel was designed by Ingenieurkontor Lübeck of Lübeck, constructed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Kiel, and sold by Ferrostaal of Essen – all acting together as a West German consortium. It is a variant of the Type 209 submarine.
Nanggala was laid down on 14 March 1978 and launched on 10 September 1980. It was tested in West German waters before it was handed over to Indonesia on 6 July 1981. Nanggala left West Germany in early August 1981 with 38 crew members under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Armand Aksyah. The submarine was first presented to the public on the 36th anniversary of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on 5 October 1981. Sixteen days later, it was commissioned by Minister of Defense and Security General M. Jusuf.
During the 1960s, Indonesia was known as one of the largest Asian naval powers, with 12 Soviet-made Whiskey-class submarines in its fleet. However, by 1981, during the Indonesian New Order, when Cakra and Nanggala arrived in Indonesia to reinforce the country's naval defenses, only one of the 12 Whiskey-class submarines had still retained the ability to dive. The Indonesian government had planned to purchase a Type 206A submarine from Germany in the late 1990s, but was unable to do so due to funding issues.
During the beginning of the Reform Era, an embargo on military equipment imposed by the U.S., as well as continuing financial problems experienced as a result of the Asian financial crisis, meant that the Indonesian Navy was unable to procure any additional submarines until 2017. As a result, Cakra and Nanggala were the only active submarines in the Indonesian Navy between the decommissioning of KRI Pasopati in 1994 and the commissioning of KRI Nagapasa in 2017.
By 2020, Indonesia had made plans to own and operate eight submarines by 2024.
Nanggala participated in several naval exercises, including the cooperation afloat readiness and training exercises in 2002 and 2015. In 2004, the boat participated in the Joint Marine Operations Exercise held in the Indian Ocean, during which it sank the decommissioned KRI Rakata. In August 2012, the boat conducted a passing exercise with USS Oklahoma City, accompanied by KRI Diponegoro and a Bölkow-Blohm helicopter.
The submarine conducted a number of intelligence gathering operations in the waters around Indonesia, including one in the Indian Ocean from April to May 1992, and another around East Timor from August to October 1999, in which the boat tracked the movements of the International Force East Timor as it landed in the region. During May 2005, the submarine was tasked with scouting, infiltrating, and hunting down strategic targets around Ambalat, after Indonesian KRI Tedong Naga and Malaysian KD Rencong were involved in a minor collision near the area.
Nanggala underwent a refit at Howaldtswerke that was completed in 1989. Roughly two decades later, the boat underwent a full refit for two years in south korea by daewoo shipbuilding & marine engineering (dsme) that was completed in january 2012. the refit cost us$ 63.7 million, replaced much of the submarine's upper structure, and upgraded its weaponry, sonar, radar, combat control and propulsion systems. After the refit, Nanggala became capable of firing four torpedoes simultaneously at four different targets and launching anti-ship missiles such as Exocet or Harpoon. Its safe diving depth was increased to 257 metres (843 ft), and its top speed was increased from 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) to 25 knots (46 km/h). Roughly five years later in November 2016, the submarine was equipped with an ASELSAN KULAÇ echosounder system.
On 21 April 2021, Air Chief Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto, Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, reported that Nanggala was believed to have disappeared in waters about 95 km (51 nautical miles) north of Bali. Indonesian Navy spokesperson First Admiral Julius Widjojono stated that Nanggala had been conducting a torpedo drill, but failed to report its results as expected.
The navy announced in a written statement that Nanggala had requested permission to dive to fire a SUT torpedo at 03:00 WIB (20:00 UTC, 20 April). About an hour after being given clearance, the boat lost contact with surface personnel.
According to the navy, at around 04:00, Nanggala should have been flooding its torpedo tubes in preparation for the firing of the torpedo. Indonesian military spokesperson Major General Achmad Riad reported that the last communication with Nanggala was at 04:25, when the commanding officer of the training task force would have authorized the firing of torpedo number 8. Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Yudo Margono reported that Nanggala had fired a live torpedo and a practice torpedo before contact was lost.
The navy subsequently sent a distress call to the International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office at around 09:37 to report the boat as missing and presumably sunk. The navy stated that it was possible that Nanggala experienced a power outage before falling to a depth of 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft). Widjojono stated that Nanggala was able to dive to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft). The deepest areas of the Bali Sea are over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) below sea level.
At the time it went missing, Nanggala had 53 people on board, including 49 crew members, 1 commander, and 3 weapons specialists. The highest-ranking naval officer in the submarine was Colonel Harry Setyawan, the commander of the submarine unit of the 2nd Fleet Command. Subordinates with him were Lieutenant Colonel Heri Oktavian, the commander of the submarine, and Lieutenant Colonel Irfan Suri, an officer from the Weapons Materials and Electronics Service.
At noon on 22 April, Yudo Margono stated that the oxygen reserves on Nanggala would be sufficient for the entire crew and passengers for three days after it had submerged, noting that the oxygen would run out on Saturday, 24 April, at 03:00 (20:00 UTC, 23 April). Submarine experts stated that submarines have backup systems that may provide sufficient oxygen for some time depending on the state of the equipment. Sources in the Indonesian Navy reported that the underwater telephone (UWT) of the submarine was defective during the drill, hampering communications between the boat and rescue vessels in the area.
A day after Nanggala was declared missing, the Indonesian Navy established a crisis center, equipped with an ambulance and a mobile hyperbaric chamber, at the 2nd Fleet Command headquarters in Surabaya. The center was also a source of information for the media and families of the submarine crew members. Indonesian president Joko Widodo stated that the safety of the crew of Nanggala was of top priority, and invited everyone to pray for the crew's safety.
The navy immediately deployed three warships, KRI Diponegoro, KRI Raden Eddy Martadinata, and KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai, to search for Nanggala. Widjojono stated that a team of divers was searching for the boat. Janes Defence News also reported that the navy had sent a number of other warships to the area. By Thursday, 22 April, the navy had deployed six additional ships to the area: KRI Dr. Soeharso, KRI Hasan Basri, KRI Karel Satsuit Tubun, KRI Singa, KRI Hiu and KRI Layang. Yudo Margono also noted on Thursday that three submarines, five airplanes, and 21 warships had been deployed in the search effort. Submarine KRI Alugoro had also joined the search. KRI Rigel, a warship with more powerful sonar equipment, was expected to arrive on 23 April. The Indonesian National Police also sent four police ships equipped with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and sonar devices. KRI Pulau Rimauparticipated in the search.
The defense ministry initially stated that the governments of Australia, Singapore, and India had responded to their requests for assistance. The Republic of Singapore Navy and Royal Malaysian Navy deployed their submarine rescue vessels, MV Swift Rescue and MV Mega Bakti respectively, to the scene. On 22 April, at approximately 14:15 WIB (07:15 UTC), the Indian Navy announced that their deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) had departed naval facilities at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, en route to the search area. U.S. Department of Defense press secretary John Kirby stated that the department was sending airborne assets to assist in the search. The U.S. sent a P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft, which landed Saturday. On 23 April, Commander Australian Fleet Rear Admiral Mark Hammond announced that HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Sirius would join the search operation. Other nations, including Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, and Thailand, offered assistance.
Around 07:00 on 21 April, an aerial search revealed traces of an oil spill on the surface of the water near the location where the submarine was believed to have dived. Achmad Riad later reported that an oil spill had been observed at multiple locations. He added that Raden Eddy Martadinata had detected movement underwater at a speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h), but was unable to obtain enough information to identify the contact before it disappeared. Yudo Margono also reported on Thursday that an Indonesian naval vessel had detected an object that was magnetic at a depth of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 feet).
On 24 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy announced the finding of debris, including a part associated with torpedo tubes, a coolant pipe insulator, a bottle of periscope grease, and prayer rugs. Because the debris was found within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the point of last contact and no other vessels were believed to be in the area, the debris was believed to have come from the submarine, and Nanggala was declared sunk. Yudo Margono stated that a sonar scan had shown the submarine at a depth of 850 m (2,800 ft), while its crush depth was presumed to be 500 m (1,600 ft).
On 25 April 2021, after a more accurate sonar and magnetometer scan by Rigel, the Indonesian Navy confirmed that all 53 hands on board were lost. Underwater scans identified parts of the submarine, including the rudder, diving plane, anchor, and external parts of the pressure hull, as well as items such as an MK11 submarine escape suit. The ROV from Swift Rescue also made visual contact with the wreck and determined that the submarine had split into three parts. The wreck was found at a depth of 838 m (2,749 ft) at the coordinates 7°48′56″S 114°51′20″E, roughly 1,400 m (1,500 yd) from where Nanggala had dived.
As of 4 May 2021, the Chinese Navy is assisting with the recovery of the wreck, having dispatched an ocean tug Nantuo-195, ocean salvage and rescue ship Yongxing Dao-863 and a scientific research vessel Tan Suo 2 to the scene. There have also been discussions between the Indonesian Navy and state-owned oil regulator SKK Migas to raise the submarine.
The Navy said Nanggala might have experienced a power outage. After the finding of debris from Nanggala, Yudo Margono said the submarine might have cracked instead of exploded, as an explosion would have been detected by sonar.
Indonesian legislator and retired Army major general Tubagus Hasanuddin suspected the refit, performed by a South Korean firm in 2012, may not have been performed properly. He said that after the refit, the submarine had failed a torpedo firing test, which resulted in three deaths. Hasanuddin also said Nanggala had exceeded its design capacity of 38 with 53 people on board when it sank. Yudo Margono said the vessel was combat ready, had received a letter of acceptance, and had a history of successful firing exercises.
Hankook Ilbo reported that submarines must undergo maintenance at least every six years, and that a DSME official had said they had not been involved with the submarine since the 2012 refit.
Parliamentarian Utut Adianto stated that Indonesia's defences required modernization, while military analyst Connie Rahakundini Bakrie shared similar concerns. Frans Wuwung, former head of the engine room of Nanggala, stated that despite the submarine's age, its equipment was still in good condition due to proper maintenance, and did not consider such a modernization necessary.
After the navy declared Nanggala lost with all hands, the People's Consultative Assembly recommended a posthumous promotion for all personnel on board. Hadi Tjahjanto stated that he would propose the promotions to Joko Widodo. A day later, on 26 April, Joko Widodo announced that the government would award a posthumous promotion and confer posthumously the Bintang Jalasena 'Navy Meritorious Service Star' to everyone on board Nanggala. The ceremony conferring the awards and promotions was held on 29 April, attended by Joko Widodo, Minister of Defense Prabowo Subianto, Hadi Tjahjanto, and Yudo Margono. Susi Pudjiastuti, former minister of maritime affairs and fisheries, criticized Widodo's decision to only promote them one rank higher, as she believed that they should be promoted between two and four ranks higher.
Tubagus Hasanuddin recommended that the Indonesian Navy's remaining Cakra-class submarine be taken out of service.
Two days after the ship had been declared sunk, Rahmat Eko Rahardjo, the commander of the 2nd Fleet Naval Combat Squad who had given permission for Nanggala to dive, and ING Sudihartawan, the commander of the 2nd Fleet, were relieved of their commands by Hadi Tjahjanto. Hadi appointed Iwan Isnurwanto, a former Nanggala crew member and chief of staff, to replace the latter.
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia Abdullah of Pahang, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, the Korean Ministry of Defense, Singapore Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen and Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean, the UK's Minister of State for Asia, Nigel Adams, and ambassador to Indonesia, Owen Jenkins, all sent condolences. United States Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin expressed his "heartfelt concern" in a call with Prabowo Subianto.
During the search, use of the hashtag #prayforkrinanggala402 and #krinanggala402 became popular on twitter. After Nanggala had been declared sunk, the phrases "On Eternal Patrol" and "Rest In Peace", and the motto Wira Ananta Rudira 'Steadfast to the End', used by the submarine unit to which Nanggala belonged, saw increased usage.
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI_Nanggala_(402))
#enoughfortoday #qmo
Labels: Tragedy
posted by qmo @ 3:43 AM
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